In terms of "colonialism" in the way most people are taught in the world(colonialism in the Americas, Africa, Southeast Asia and Oceania during the age of exploration), the Europeans were the main colonizers. Going all the way back to the vikings in Vinland, Europeans have been exploring the Americas(Side note: it is very likely that the first human settlement of the America's after the kelp highway migration during the last glacial maximum, was by Polynesian sailors in Chile, not the vikings and definitely not Christopher Columbus).
The real colonization started with Christopher Columbus though, as the Spanish crown realized the resources and people of of the Americas could be exploited for financial gain to support war efforts against the Ottoman Empire(So yes, other cultures were expanding their territory, but through war. And before you say it, yes the Ottomans were involved in the slave trade)
Even after the Ottomans had been beaten, the kingdoms and empires of Europe continued the exploitation of their colonies in the Americas, Africa, Asia, and Oceania in order to fund conflict between themselves. Those wars then moved to the Americas resulting in the independence of many nations. Many like the U.S continued to exploit the land and the people(And when they killed all those natives with disease, they just bought people from Africa). Then when the remaining natives prevented us from exploiting the land, we just decimated their food sources and forced them to become dependent on us.
The culture of European colonialism in the exploitation of land and people has stayed in the Americas long after those empires left. Also most colonies were not granted independence until after WW2, with again the people and land being exploited to fund and support conflict between European nations(And in the case of most colonies in the old world, the land itself became a battleground for foreign powers)
In conclusion European colonialism had the largest, longest and most consequential effect of any other example.
I believe this is correct
Also ancient empires version of colonialism was more of a conquest of nearby nations than what European colonialism is so they are not comparable