USAFacts/Census Bureau Household Pulse Survey (May–Sep 2024 data): 0.95% of adults (~2.3 million).
Gallup (full-year 2024, released Feb 2025): 1.3% of adults.
Methodology unchanged: large-scale, representative, self-reported surveys with transparent, replicable sampling (Census online households; Gallup random-digit-dial + interviews, n>14,000/year). These remain the gold-standard neutral sources
2019–2023 combined: ~0.85–2% gender-diverse across hundreds of shooters.
Methodology: FBI validation of law enforcement records/investigations; full incident lists published annually with demographics from official sources