When I said de-escalation, I just meant more training on de-escalation
For Prisons, actually one of the main reasons US prisons are so violent id because of the conditions. Take a look at Scandinavian prisons. Murderers, while they do spend much longer, still get rehabilitated. And rehab may be practiced heavily in the USA, but there is not nearly enough for the 2.3 million prisoners. As regarding solitary, the very people who came up with it later decided it was inhumane and cruel. It drives prisoners insane.
Private prisons. They only get paid by the government if they are 80% or more full. There simply aren't enough prisoners to fill them all. I think you can guess what happens next. They are one of the main reasons incarceration rates in the US are through the roof. They also get extra money if their prisoners are violent. Violent, however, just means spent time in solitary, and Private prisons give out twice as much solitary time as normal ones.
The war on drugs hasn't done a single thing to prevent drug use. The mechanics of supply and demand come into play here. If supply is decreased without decreasing demand, the supply will find a way. Take crystal meth for example. The government cracked down on large scale meth production, so dealers and users started small scale operations. When the government found that this was happening, they made it harder for people to access those chemicals. Mexican drug cartels then took over, and they had experience avoiding the law. They also made the drug more potent. So, the war on drugs made crystal meth more potent and harder to stop. Yay. The war on drugs has also led to massive incarceration of non-violent drug users. This led to companies who provide housing for former criminals denying drug users housing, but not sex offenders and pedophiles. I mean, seriously? It has led to violence, money wasting, mass incarceration and harder drugs. Switzerland, on the other hand, had an Opioid epidemic, and they handled it well. First, they gave the users medical help, along with clean needles, and softer substances. Then, they gave them full rehabilitation. Then, they took down the drug cartels supplying those drugs. The result was astounding. By simply reducing demand before supply, they pretty much solved it.