we're used to living in a world where near 100% of the population gets a vaccination, thus making it seem like they're 100% effective. But the truth has always been that they've only been highly effective and break through cases do happen.
But when we're at near 100% vaccinated rates, those break throughs are incredibly rare and very mild. Because the infections are so low, mutations don't really happen thus making the vaccines even more effective.
Which is how we effectively wiped out so many diseases inside the US and around the world.
However, when you have large groups of the population refusing to get vaccinated or even believing that it's a real threat, the virus continues to spread. Break-through cases happen at a higher rate. And mutations happen faster and faster.
which in turn reduces the effectiveness of the vaccine.