SimoTheFinlandized's Images

Make a meme Make a gif

Imgflip Pro

AI creation tools & better GIFs
No ads
Custom 6x6 profile icon and new colors
Your images jump to the top of approval queues

Go Pro

I made myself a brand-new announcement-template (please rate 1-10); also, how are you all?

by SimoTheFinlandized in New_MSmg

136 views

A HISTORY OF THE WORLD - The Age-Old Songs Of Mankind Throughout The Ages: (Written By SimoTheFinlandized -© 2021 CE)

A HISTORY OF THE WORLD - The Age-Old Songs Of Mankind Throughout The Ages: (Written By SimoTheFinlandized -© 2021 CE) | A HISTORY OF THE WORLD - The Age-
Old Songs Of Mankind Throughout The
Ages: (Written By SimoTheFinlandized -©
2021 CE)
-
The history of the world (also called Human
history) is the study of what the entire human
race did in the past, as recorded. This
includes the time from prehistory to the
present day. It excludes natural history.
-
SONG I - THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE
HUMAN SPECIES:
-
Modern human beings, called Homo sapiens
('wise man') have lived for about 250,000
years. The first Homo sapiens lived at the
same time as other species of human. These
included Homo erectus ('standing man') and
Homo neanderthalensis ('man from
Neanderthal'). They were a little bit different
from modern humans. The theory of human
evolution says that modern humans,
Neanderthals, and Homo erectus slowly
developed from other earlier species of
human-like creatures. Biologists believe that
Homo sapiens evolved in Africa and spread
from there to all other parts of the world,
replacing Homo neanderthalensis in Europe
and Homo erectus in Asia. Homo
neanderthalensis, generally called
Neanderthal Man, was discovered when
the cranium of a skull was found in the
Neanderthal Valley in 1856. It was different
from a modern human skull so scientists
believed it was from a new species. Entire
Neanderthal skeletons have been found in
other places since then. Neanderthals
existed before modern humans, and knew
how to use tools and fire. When ancient stone
tools are found, their style often shows
whether they were made by Homo sapiens
or Neanderthals (see Palaeolithic). By the
end of the Stone Age, it is believed that
Homo sapiens were the only type of humans
left.
-
Influence Of Climate:
-
Climate is different from one part of the world
to another. Some areas are hot all year, and
some are cold. Some areas are dry all year,
and others are wet. Most areas have climates
that are warm or hot in the summer and cool
or cold in the winter. Most parts of the world
get rain at some times of the year and not
others. Some parts of the world have oceanic
climates and others have alpine climates.
These differences cause people to live
differently. Climate affects what food can
grow in a certain place. This affects what food
people eat. If one food is easier to grow, it
often becomes a staple food. Staples foods
are foods that people eat more of than other
foods. Staple foods are usually grains or
vegetables because they are easy to grow.
Wheat, maize, millet, rice, oats, rye, potatoes,
yams, breadfruit and beans are examples of
different staple foods from around the world.
Climate also affects the types of animals that
can live in any area, which affect the types of
meats that are available to eat. Climate also
affects the buildings that people make, the
clothes that they wear and the way that they
travel.
-
Climate Change:
-
The climate on earth has not stayed the
same through human history. There are long
periods of time when it is generally warmer,
and there are long periods of time when it is
generally colder. When it is generally colder,
there is more ice on the poles of the planet. A
cold period is called an ice age. There have
been many ice ages in the history of the
earth. Two have affected humans. From
70,000 to around 10,000 years ago there was
a big ice age which affected humans and the
way that they lived. Between 1600 AD and
1900 AD there was a period called the Little
Ice Age when the climate was a little bit colder
than usual.
-
PREHISTORY:
-
The word "Prehistory" means "before history".
It is used for the long period of time before
humans began to write about their lives. This
time is divided into two main ages: the
Paleolithic Age (or Early Stone Age) and the
Neolithic Age (or late Stone Age). The two
ages did not start and end at the same time
everywhere. A place moved from one age to
another depending on when people changed
their technology. The end of prehistory also
varies from one place to another. It depends
on the date when written documents of a
civilization can be found. In Egypt the first
written documents date from around 3200 BC.
In Australia the first written records date from
1788 and in New Guinea from about 1900. In
the Paleolithic era, there were many different
human species. According to current
research, only the modern human Homo
sapiens reached the Neolithic era.
-
Paleolithic Era:
-
The Paleolithic Era is by far the longest age
of humanity's time, about 99% of human
history. The Paleolithic Age started about 2.6
million years ago and ended around 10,000
BC. The age began when hominids (early
humans) started to use stones as tools for
bashing, cutting and scraping. The age ended
when humans began to plant crops and have
other types of agriculture. In some areas,
such as Western Europe, the way that people
lived was affected by the Ice age. In these
places, people moved towards agriculture
quicker than in warmer places where there
was always lots of food to gather. Their
culture is sometimes called the Mesolithic
Era (Middle Stone Age). During the Paleolithic
Era humans grouped together in small bands.
They lived by gathering plants and hunting
wild animals. This way of living is called a
"hunter-gatherer society". People hunted
small burrowing animals like rabbits, as well
as birds and herds of animals like deer and
cattle. They also gathered plants to eat,
including grains. Grain often grows on
grasslands where herds of grass-eating
animals are found. People also gathered root
vegetables, green vegetables, beans, fruit,
seeds, berries, nuts, eggs, insects and small
reptiles. Many Paleolithic bands were
nomadic. They moved from place to place as
the weather changed. They followed herds of
animals that they hunted from their winter
feeding places to their summer feeding
places. If there was a drought,flood, or some
other disaster, the herds and the people might
have moved a long distance, looking for food.
During the "Ice Age" a lot of the water on
Earth turned to ice. This made sea much
lower than it is now. People were able to walk
through Beringia from Siberia to Alaska.
Bands of Homo sapiens ( another word for
people) travelled to that area from Asia. At
that time there were rich grasslands with
many large animals that are now extinct. It is
believed that many groups of people travelled
there over a long time and later spread to
other parts of America, as the weather
changed. Paleolithic people used stone tools.
Sometimes a stone tool was just a rock. It
might have been useful for smashing a shell
or an animal's skull, or for grinding grain on
another rock. Other tools were made by
breaking rocks to make a sharp edge. The
next development in stone tool making was to
chip all the edges of a rock so that it made a
pointed shape, useful for a spearhead, or
arrow tip. Some stone tools are carefully
"flaked" at the edges to make them sharp, and
symmetrically shaped. Paleolithic people also
used tools of wood and bone. They probably
also used leather and vegetable fibers but
these have not lasted from that time.
Paleolithic people also knew how to make
fire which they used for warmth and cooking.
-
Neolithic Era:
-
The Neolithic era was marked by changes
in society. During the Neolithic era, people
started to settle down. They developed
agriculture and domesticated animals, both of
which took a very long time. Because of these
two things, people did not have to migrate as
much any more. Villages could grow to much
larger sizes than before. Over time, villages
fought and spread their control over larger
areas and some became civilisations. During
this time, humankind also developed further
intellectually, militarily and spiritually. When
humans started to grow crops and
domesticate certain animals such as dogs,
goats, sheep, and cattle; their societies
changed. Because people now grew crops
and raised livestock, they started to stay in
the same place and build permanent
settlements. In most places, this happened
between 10,000 and 12,000 years ago. Their
diet also changed. People ate more cereals
and vegetables. They started to keep extra
foods and seeds for later. In some years there
were surpluses (extras) that could be traded
for other goods. These changes happened
independently in many parts of the world.
They did not happen in the same order
though. For example, the earliest farming
societies in the Near East did not use pottery.
No one is sure if Britain had agriculture, or if
permanent villages existed there at all. Early
Japanese societies used pottery before
developing agriculture. In the Paleolithic Era
there were many different human species.
According to current research, only the
modern human reached the Neolithic Era.
-
SONG II - THE ANCIENT HISTORY OF HUMANITY:
-
Ancient history was the time from the
development of writing to the fall of the
Roman Empire. The fall of the Roman Empire
caused chaos in Europe, leading to the
Middle Ages (also called the Dark Ages or
the Age of Faith).
-
Sumer:
-
Sumer was the world's first known ancient
civilization. The Sumerians took over the
fertile crescent region of Mesopotamia
around 3300 BCE. By 3000 BCE, many cities
had been built in parts of Sumerian
Mesopotamia. They formed independently
and each had their own government. They
were called city-states and often fought with
each other. Sumer grew crops on the Tigris
and Euphrates rivers. A surplus in food led to
a Division of labour. This means that some
people were able to stop growing crops and
do other jobs, since enough crops were
already grown. This brought a split in society.
Today, such a split is called a social pyramid.
In a social pyramid, people are grouped into
social classes based on their wealth and
power. In Sumer, the king, priests, and
government officials were at the top of the
social pyramid. Below them were the artisans,
merchants, farmers, and fishers. At the
bottom of the pyramid were slaves. Slaves
were often prisoners of war, criminals, or
people working to pay off debt. In Sumer,
only the sons of the rich and powerful
learned how to read and write. They went to
a school called edubba. Only the boys who
went to edubba could become scribes. The
Sumerians created the world's first system of
writing; it was called cuneiform. The oldest
versions of one of the world's first literary
works, the Epic of Gilgamesh, go back to
this time. They also invented sun-dried
bricks, the wheel, the ox plow, and were
skilled at making pottery. They are also
thought to have invented the sailboat.
Other civilizations around this time were
also built along major river systems.
These civilizations are called river valley
civilizations. River valley civilizations were
the most powerful civilizations in this time
period because water was needed to have
an agricultural society. In the river system of
Mesopotamia, after the Sumers, two other
great civilizations rose to power: the
Babylonians with their king Hammurabi
(famous for the Codex Hammurabi) and
the Assyrians. Just to the east was the
long-lasting civilization of Elam.
-
Egypt:
-
Ancient Egypt grew along the Nile river
and was its most powerful in the second
millennium BC. When it was its biggest, it
went all the way from the Nile delta to a
mountain called Jebel Barkal in Sudan. It
was created around 3500 BC and probably
ended at about 30 BC when the country was
invaded by the Roman Empire. The society
of ancient Egypt depended on a balance of
natural and human resources, especially the
irrigation of the Nile Valley so that Egyptians
could grow crops. They are also known for
writing in hieroglyphs, building the famous
pyramids, other sorts of tombs and big
temples and for their military. There was a
great difference between classes in this
society. Most of the people were farmers but
they did not own the agricultural products
they produced. These were property of the
state, temple, or noble family that owned the
land. There was slavery, but it is not clear
how it was practiced. The rulers of ancient
Egypt tried to keep their people happy by
religion that made them respect the rulers
and their past. The religion of Judaism
formed about 1500 BCE in context with the
Egyptian and Babylonian civilization.
-
China:
-
The first dynasty of Ancient China, the
Shang Dynasty, has been carbon dated
through Turtle shells with writing on them to
back to about 1500 BC. They say China
began as city-states in the Yellow River
valley. At the end of the Zhou Dynasty lived
the greatest Chinese philosophers: Kong
Fuzi, founder of Confucianism, and Laozi,
founder of Daoism. The Qin emperor Qin
Shi Huang in 221 BC created the first
centralized state in China based on his
political philosophy of legalism and made
everyone write the same way. He fought
against Confucianism. He also started a
precursor of the Great Wall. In 202 BC the
Han Dynasty took over and developed an
empire of similar strength as the Roman
Empire and towards the end of its rule,
influenced by India introduced Buddhism
in China.
-
India / Pakistan:
-
The Indus Valley Civilization started from
about 2600 BC to 1900 BC. It marked the
beginning of urban civilization on the
subcontinent. It was centered on the Indus
River and its tributaries. The civilization is
famous for its cities that were built of brick,
had a road-side drainage system and
multi-storied houses. During the Maurya
dynasty started in 321 BCE, most of the
Indian subcontinent was united under a
single government for the first time. Ashoka
the Great who in the beginning sought to
expand his kingdom, then followed a policy
of ahimsa (non-violence) after converting to
Buddhism. The Edicts of Ashoka are the
oldest preserved historical documents of
India, and under Ashoka Buddhist ideals
spread across the whole of East Asia and
South-East Asia. The Gupta dynasty ruled
from around 320 to 550 AD. The Gupta
Empire included only Central India, and the
area east of current day Bangladesh, however
this empire never included present-day
Pakistan to the west. Gupta society was
ordered in accordance with Hindu beliefs.
Historians place the Gupta dynasty
alongside with the Han Dynasty, Tang
Dynasty and Roman Empire as a model
of a classical civilization.
-
Maya:
-
The Maya civilization is a civilization that
started in Central America. They lived
mostly on the Yucatán Peninsula in what is
now known as Mexico, but also Honduras,
Belize and Guatemala. They were the only
known civilization of pre-Columbian America
to have a fully developed written language.
They also made great achievements in art
and architecture and had a very advanced
system of mathematics and astronomy. The
area where the Maya civilization developed
was inhabited from around the 10th
millennium BC. The first Maya settlements
were built there in about 1800 BC, in the
Soconusco region. This is in the modern-day
state of Chiapas in Mexico, on the Pacific
Ocean. Today, this is called the Early
Preclassic period. At the time, humans
began to settle down permanently. They
started to grow livestock. Pottery and small
clay figures were made. They constructed
simple burial mounds. Later they developed
these mounds into step pyramids. There were
other civilizations around, especially in the
north, such as the Olmec, the Mixe-Zoque,
and Zapotec civilizations. These people
mostly lived in the area of the modern-day
state Oaxaca. The exact borders of the Maya
empire in the north are unclear. There were
probably areas where Maya culture
overlapped with other cultures. Many of
the earliest significant inscriptions and
buildings appeared in this overlapping zone.
These cultures and the Maya probably
influenced one another.
-
Australia:
-
There has been a long history of contact
between Papuan peoples of the Papua
New Guinea and the Aboriginal people.
Aboriginal people seem to have lived a long
time in the same environment as the now
extinct Australian megafauna. Stories about
that are told in the oral culture of many
Aboriginal groups.
-
Hallstatt Culture Of Europe:
-
The Hallstatt Era is named after the city
Hallstatt in Austria, where the first artifacts
were found. It lasted from about 1200 BC to
about 275 BC. There were different periods,
which today are mainly told apart by the kinds
of brooches used at the time. These brooches
changed rather rapidly, and can therefore
give us good guesses at to what time they
came from. Hallstatt culture sites have been
found in the east of France, in Switzerland,
in the south of Germany, in Austria, in
Slovenia and Croatia, northwestern Hungary,
southwestern Slovakia and southern Moravia.
The culture can be divided into an eastern
and a western one quite easily; the dividing
line runs through the Czech Republic, and
Austria, between longitudes 14 and 15
degrees east. In this time, the social
structure developed into a hierarchy. This
can be documented by various things that
were added to graves. In the Bronze Age,
people used to live in big settlements.
As iron became available, trade routes
changed. A new richer class evolved.
Unlike before, these richer class people
liked to live in big houses in the countryside,
as a demonstration of their wealth. Funerals
also changed, from cremation burials, to
burials with stone coffins. The new upper
class used their wealth for import goods,
mostly from the Mediterranean.
-
La Tene Culture (Celts) Of Europe:
-
The La Tène culture is a culture that lasted
from about 500 BC to about 100 AD. It is
named after the city of La Tène (today,
Marin-Epagnier, next to Neuchâtel). It
was influenced a lot by the Roman and
Greek cultures. Romans and Greeks came
in contact with the culture. They called them
Celts, usually. They wrote about them. The
most important work about them was written
by Julius Caesar. It is called On the Gallic
War (De bello gallico). The Celts basically
lived in clans. Each clan was headed by a
leader, which came from the Druids or
the Bards. Women were much better off
than with the Romans, they were almost
equal to men. There was polygamy and
polyandry (A man could have several
women, a woman could have several men).
-
Illyria:
-
Illyria is the part of west-south Balkan
Peninsula populated by Illyrians whose
descendants are Albanians. Illyrians lived
in tribunes such as Epirus, Dardania,
Taulantia etc. They had their own language,
the Illyrian language that was different from
the Greek language and Latin. At the year
1000 BC the population of Illyria is estimated
to be around 500,000.
-
Greece:
-
What is known today as Ancient Greece is
a very important period in history. Most
people agree that it came after the Minoan
and Mycenaean civilizations. It ended when
the Romans invaded Greece, in 146 BC.
Greek culture had a very powerful influence
on later civilizations, especially the Romans.
The Greeks developed what is now called a
city-state, or a polis. There were many
polises. Some of the more important ones
were Athens, Sparta, Corinth and Thebes.
The word politics comes from there. It literally
means: things that are about the polis.
Greek cities did not have much contact
with each other, because of the mountains
and many islands Greece is made up of.
When a city no longer had enough food to
care for all its citizens, some people were
sent out to set up a new city. This was called
a colony. Each city was independent, and
ruled by someone within that city. Colonies
also looked to the city where they originally
came from for guidance. When Greece went
to war (for example against the Persian
Empire), there was an alliance of such city
states, against the Persians. There were also
many wars between different city states.
There were many artists and philosophers
who lived in that period. Most of them are
still important for philosophy today. A
well-known artist was Homer. He wrote
epics about the war against the Trojans,
and the early history of Greece. Other
well-known artists were Aristophanes and
Sappho. Well-known philosophers include
Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle. A well
known mathematician of the time was
Euclid. Statesmen of the time were
Pericles and Alexander the Great.
-
Rome:
-
Ancient Rome was a civilization that
started in modern-day Italy, in the 8th
Century before Christ. The civilization
lasted for 12 centuries. It ended, when
Mehmed II conquered Constantinople,
on May 29, 1453. According to legend,
the Roman civilization was founded by
Romulus and Remus, in the year 753 BC.
The Roman Empire developed in wars
against Carthage and the Seleucid Empire.
Julius Caesar conquered Gaul, modern
France, and Augustus ended the Roman
republic by becoming emperor. At its
biggest extent, the empire covered all
of the Mediterranean. Rome became so
big, because it led war against other
nations and then assimilated their culture.
-
Split Of East And West:
-
In 293, Diocletian organized a separate
administration of the western and the
eastern part of the empire. The capital
of the western part was Rome, the capital
of the eastern part was Constantinople.
Constantine I was the first to stop
discrimination against Christians (313).
Christianity became a state religion under
the reign of Theodosius I. The western part
of the empire had many problems with
barbarians. In the 5th century, the Huns
migrated westwards. This meant that the
Visigoths moved into the empire, to seek
protection. Rome was sacked by barbarians
multiple times. On September 4, 476, the
Germanic chief Odoacer forced the last
Roman emperor in the west, Romulus
Augustus, to quit. After about 1200 years,
the rule of Rome in the West came to an
end. The eastern part had similar problems.
Justinian I managed to conquer parts of
North Africa and Italy. Shortly after he died,
all that was left were parts of Southern
Italy, and Sicily. In the east, the empire
was threatened by the Sassanid Empire.
-
SONG III - THE NEW DEPARTURES
AND CONTINUITY OF MANKIND:
-
After the fall of Western Rome, the
Germanic tribes that took over tried to
learn from Roman civilization, but much
was forgotten and up to the Renaissance
not many achievements happened in
Europe. But with the rise of Islam, many
changes happened during the Islamic
Golden Age. The Greek and Roman
traditions were kept and further development
took place. The Chinese civilization had a
Golden Age during the Tang period, when
their capital was the biggest in the world.
During the Renaissance, Europe developed
and made great advancements in many
areas as well.
-
Middle East - Islamic Rise And Byzantine Decline:
-
In Arabia, Muhammad founded Islam in
632. His followers rapidly conquered
territories in Syria and Egypt. They soon
were a direct threat to the Byzantine
Empire. In the 8th and 9th centuries, the
Byzantine Empire managed to stop Islamic
expansion. They even reconquered some of
the territories lost earlier. In 1000 A.D.
the eastern Empire was at its height:
Basileios II reconquered Bulgaria and
Armenia. Culture and trade flourished.
Soon afterward in 1071 the expansion
suddenly stopped. The Battle of Manzikert
led the empire into a dramatic decline.
For the Byzantine Empire this meant
several centuries of civil wars and Turkic
invasions. The Muslim caliphate had an
Golden Age under the Abbasid. Their
power forced Emperor Alexius I Comnenus
of the Byzantine Empire to send a call for
help to the West in 1095. The West sent
the Crusades. These eventually led to the
Sack of Constantinople in the Fourth
Crusade in 1204. Because of this, what
was left of the Empire broke into successor
states. The winner of these disputes was
that of Nicaea. After Constantinople was
again conquered by imperial forces, the
empire was little more than a Greek
state on the Aegean coast. The Eastern
Empire came to an end when Mehmed
II conquered Constantinople on May 29,
1453. The Ottoman Empire took its place
and from 1400 to 1600 was the most
powerful empire in the Middle East and
ruled at the southern and eastern coast
of the Mediterranean Sea.
-
Medieval China:
-
The Tang Dynasty (618–907), with its capital
at Chang'an (today Xi'an), was the biggest
city in the world at the time and is considered
by historians as a high point in Chinese
civilization as well as a golden age of
cosmopolitan culture. The Ming Dynasty ruled
from 1368 to 1644. The Ming built a vast army
and navy.
-
Medieval India:
-
From around the 6th–7th century. In
South India, Chola kings ruled Tamil Nadu,
and Chera kings ruled Kerala. They had
trading relationships with the Roman Empire
to the west and Southeast Asia to the east. In
north India, Rajputs ruled in many kingdoms.
In 1336, two brothers named Harihara I and
Bukka founded the Vijayanagara Empire in an
area which is now in the Karnataka state of
India. The most famous king of this empire
was Krishnadevaraya. In 1565, rulers of this
empire were defeated in a battle. But the
empire continued for about the next one
hundred years. Northern India was ruled
by Islamic sultans.
-
Rise Of Japan:
-
The Heian Period in Japan is famous for its
art, poetry and literature. The writing system,
Kana, was developed. It was followed by the
feudal period (1185–1853) during which
samurai and daimyos were the leading
figures and the shogun the real monarch
whereas the tennō had only a role as
religious head. Between the years 1272 and
1281 the Mongols tried to invade but were
driven out by the Japanese. In 1542, a
Portuguese ship reached Japan. Japanese
learned about guns and firearms from them.
-
Mongols:
-
Genghis Khan in 1209 brought together
the Mongol tribes and founded the Mongol
Empire, one of the largest land empires in
history. Later Kublai Khan would go on to
expand the empire and found the
Mongol-ruled Yuan Dynasty of China. The
empire later broke into several empires, all
of which were later destroyed.
-
European Middle Ages:
-
The Middle Ages was the time from the fall
of the Roman empire until the middle of the
15th century. From 500 to about 800 there
was some decline compared with the Roman
civilization. European villages were often
destroyed and looted by barbarians such
as the Vikings. During the High Middle Ages
magnificent castles and large churches called
cathedrals were built and important works of
literature were written. In the later Middle
Ages, there was a plague called the Black
Death. The Black Death killed one-third to
one-half of Europe's population. A system
called feudalism was a very important part of
the Middle Ages. In this system, the king was
at the top of the social pyramid. The king gave
land to the lord in exchange for loyalty. The
lords were the next in the pyramid. The lords
gave land (called a fief) to knights in
exchange for loyalty and protection.
The knights came next in the pyramid.
Peasants were not part of the feudal
system because they did not give or receive
land. They worked on a lord's manor in
exchange for protection. The Crusades were
also fought during the Middle Ages. There is
a theory that says the Crusades helped end
the Middle Ages along with the Black Death,
increased trade and better farming
technology.
-
The Rennaisance:
-
The Renaissance started in Italy.
Renaissance is a French word meaning
"rebirth". The Renaissance meant that
people learned from the ancient Greek and
Roman or "classical" cultures that had
been forgotten for some time. Artists
learned from classical paintings and
sculptures. So they reinvented perspective
and the art of free standing realistic
sculptures that had been characteristic in
Greek and Roman art. Some famous
Renaissance artists are Leonardo da Vinci,
Michelangelo, and Raphael. The Gutenberg
printing press, invented by Johannes
Gutenberg, was also developed during this
time. The Renaissance was also a time of
great achievements in science (Galileo
Galilei, Francis Bacon), philosophy (Thomas
More) and literature (Dante Alighieri, William
Shakespeare).
-
The Classical Maya:
-
What is known as the classical period
lasted from about 250 to about 900. During
this time, many monuments were constructed.
There are also many big inscriptions from
then. In this period, the Maya moved to
building large cities. This is known as
urbanism. Many important intellectual and
artistic developments happened in an area
that is known as the southern lowlands. Like
the Ancient Greeks, the Maya civilization was
made of many independent city-states.
Agriculture was important around these city
states like Tikal and Copán. The most
important monuments are the pyramids they
built in their religious centers and the palaces
of their rulers. The palace at Cancuén is the
largest in the Maya area. There are no
pyramids in the area of the palace. Other
important things the archaeologists found
include the carved stone slabs usually called
stelae (the Maya called them tetun, or
"tree-stones"). These slabs show rulers
along with hieroglyphic texts describing their
genealogy, military victories, and other
accomplishments. In North America, they
made Mississipian culture with the largest
land-field from around 800 CE to 1600. The
Maya also had trade routes that ran over long
distances. They traded with many of the other
Mesoamerican cultures, such as Teotihuacan,
the Zapotec, and other groups in central and
gulf-coast Mexico. They also traded with
non-Mesoamerican groups, that were farther
away. Archaeologists have found gold from
Panama in the Sacred Cenote of Chichen
Itza. Important trade goods were cacao, salt,
sea shells, jade and obsidian. In the 8th and
9th century, the cities in the southern lowlands
had problems, and declined. At the same
time, the Maya stopped making big
monuments and inscriptions. Shortly
afterwards, these cities were abandoned.
Currently, archaeologists are not sure why
this happened. There are different theories.
Either ecological factors played a role in this,
or the cause of this abandonment was not
related to the environment.
-
The Post-Classical Maya:
-
In the north, development went on, form the
10th to about the 16th century. The influences
from the outside left more traces in the Maya
culture at that time. Some of the important
sites in this era were Chichen Itza, Uxmal,
and Coba. At some point, the ruling dynasties
of Chichen and Uxmal declined. Afterwards,
Mayapan ruled all of Yucatán until a revolt in
1450. The area then degenerated into
competing city-states until the Yucatán was
conquered by the Spanish. By 1250, there
developed other city-states. The Itza
maintained their capital at Tayasal. It ruled
over an area extending across the Peten
Lakes region, including the community of
Ekckixil on Lake Quexil. Postclassic Maya
states also survived in the southern
highlands. One of the Maya kingdoms in this
area is responsible for the best-known Maya
work of historiography and mythology, the
Popol Vuh. The Spanish started to conquer
Maya lands. This took them much longer
than with the Inca or Aztecs, because there
was no capital city. This meant that when
they had conquered one city, this had little
influence on the whole empire. The last Maya
states were finally subdued in 1697. The
Maya people did not disappear though.
There are still about 6 million of them.
Some are well-integrated, others continue
speak one of the Maya languages and
uphold their cultural heritage.
-
The Aztec Empire:
-
The Aztecs built an empire in Central
America, mainly in Mexico. The empire
lasted from the 14th to the 16th century.
They spoke the Nahuatl language. Their
capital was Tenochtitlan. It was built on
islands in a lake. Tenochtitlan was one
of the greatest cities of the world in that
time. The Aztecs believed in polytheism.
Quetzalcoatl (feathered snake),
Huitzilopochtli (hummingbird of the south)
and Tezcatlipoca (smoking mirror) were
the most important Gods. Sometimes the
Aztecs killed humans to please their gods.
Between 1519 and 1521 the Spanish
leader Hernán Cortés defeated the Aztecs
and took their empire. Some Aztecs did not
want to fight against the soldiers of Cortés,
because they thought they were Gods.
Today many Mexicans have Aztec and
other Native American forefathers.
People still use Aztec symbols in Mexico.
On the Mexican flag there is a picture of
an eagle on a cactus with a snake in
its mouth. This was an Aztec symbol.
Also the name Mexico is an Aztec word.
The Aztecs ate a lot of plants and
vegetables that could be grown easily
in the Mexico area. The main food that
they ate was corn, which they called
maize. Another food that they ate
was squash. The Aztecs also had a lot
of harsh punishments for certain crimes.
For the following crimes the punishment
was death: adultery, wearing cotton
clothes (cotton clothes were only for
the nobles), cutting down a living tree,
moving a field boundary making your
land bigger, making someone else's
smaller, major theft and treason.
-
The Inca Empire:
-
The Incas were a civilized empire in
western South America. The Incas are
called a "pre-Columbian" empire. This
means that their country was here before
Christopher Columbus. They ruled parts of
South America around what is now Peru for
a little over 100 years, until the Spanish
invasion in the 16th century. The Incan
empire, or Tawantinsuyo, meaning 'four
regions' in Quechua, only lasted for about
100 years as the arrival of the Spaniards in
1532 conquered them. Their main language
was Quechua, but as the Incas were basically
made up of many different groups there
were probably many other different
languages. Their capital was in the city of
Cusco, or Qosqo, in what is now southern
Peru. Manco Capac founded the first Inca
state around 1200. It covered the area
around Cusco. In the 1400s, Pachacuti
began to absorb other people in the Andes.
The expansion of the Inca Empire had
started. The Inca Empire would become the
biggest empire in the Americas before
Columbus. In 1532, the civil war ended.
The brothers Huascar and Atahualpa,
fought for who would succeed their father.
During this time, the Spanish conquerors
took possession of the Inca territory. They
were led by Francisco Pizarro. In the
following years the conquistadors managed
to extend their power over the whole Andean
region. They suppressed successive Inca
rebellions until the establishment of the
Viceroyalty of Perú in 1542 and the fall of
the resistance of the last Incas of Vilcabamba
in 1572. The Inca civilization ends at that
time, but many cultural traditions remain in
some ethnic groups as Quechuas and
Aymara people.
-
Ancient Africa:
-
Ancient Egypt and Carthage are well known
civilizations of ancient Africa. But because
there are not many written sources in large
parts of Sub-Saharan Africa, the history of
Africa is not easy to write about. But with new
techniques such as the recording of oral
history, historical linguistics and archeology
knowledge has improved, not only for the
empires and kingdoms of Ethiopia, Ghana,
Mali, Nubia, Kush and Kerma.
-
SONG IV - THE GLOBALIZATION OF MANKIND:
-
European Exploration & Colonization:
-
Colonization happened after Christopher
Columbus came to the Americas. European
countries such as England, France, and Spain
built colonies in the Americas. These settlers
fought the Native Americans to take over their
land. The colonization of the Americas was
the beginning of modern times. An important
part about contact with the Americas was the
Columbian Exchange The Columbian
Exchange brought new foods, ideas, and
diseases to the Old World and New World,
changing the way people lived. Historians
believe that almost everyone as far as Asia
was affected in some way by the Columbian
Exchange.
-
Reformation And Counter-Reformation:
-
Protestant Reformation started with Martin
Luther and the posting of the 95 theses on
the door of the castle church in Wittenberg,
Germany. At first he protested against
corruption such as simony or the sale of
indulgences. But then it became clear that
he had different ideas about the church
doctrine. He thought that Christians should
only read the Bible to find out what God wants
from them. That meant that they did not need
priests (see: Five solas). The three most
important traditions that came directly from
the Protestant Reformation were the
Lutheran, Reformed (Calvinist, Presbyterian,
etc.), and Anglican traditions. The
Counter-Reformation, or Catholic
Reformation, was the Catholic Church
fighting the Protestant Reformation. New
religious orders, such as the Jesuits were
founded and missionaries sent around the
world. Decisions were taken at the Council of
Trent (1545–1563).
-
The Industrial Revolution:
-
The Industrial Revolution started in Great
Britain. It brought many advances in the
way goods were produced. These advances
allowed people to produce much more than
they needed for living. The early British
Empire split as its colonies in America
revolted to establish a representative
government.
-
From Nationalism To Imperialism:
-
The French Revolution lead to massive
political change in continental Europe, as
people following the ideas of Enlightenment
asked for human rights with the slogan
"liberté, egalité, fraternité" (liberty, equality,
fraternity). That led to the Declaration of the
Rights of Man and of the Citizen, but also to
terror and the execution of King Louis XVI.
The French leader, Napoleon Bonaparte,
conquered and changed Europe through
war up to 1815. As more and more small
property holders were granted the vote, in
France and the UK, socialist and trade union
activity developed and revolution gripped
Europe in 1848. The last vestiges of
serfdom were abolished in Austria-Hungary
in 1848. Russian serfdom was abolished in
1861. The Balkan nations began to regain
their independence from the Ottoman
Empire. After the Franco-Prussian War,
Italy and Germany became unified in 1870
and 1871. Conflict spread across the globe,
in a chase for empires. The search for a
"place in the sun" ended with the outbreak
of World War I. In the desperation of war,
the Russian Revolution promised the people
"peace, bread and land". The defeat of
Germany came at the price of economic
destruction, which was written down in the
Treaty of Versailles.
-
China - Continuity:
-
From 1644 to 1912 the Qing or Manchu
Dynasty ruled China. The dynasty was
founded by the Manchu clan in northeast
China (Manchuria). It expanded into China
proper and its surrounding territories,
establishing the Empire of the Great Qing.
Its military power weakened during the
1800s, and faced with international pressure,
massive rebellions and defeats in wars, the
Qing Dynasty declined after the mid-19th
century. It was overthrown in 1912.
-
Japan - Continuity:
-
During the Edo period, Japan had many
small rulers. There were about 200 of them,
called the daimyo. Out of them, the Tokugawa
clan was most powerful. They ruled from a
place called Edo. This place was around the
present day’s Tokyo. For fifteen generations
they were the most powerful clan in Japan.
Beginning from the early 17th century, the
rulers (known as shogunate) started a policy
of seclusion (stopping some people coming
in), known as 'sakoku' in Japanese language.
They suspected that traders, merchants and
missionaries wanted to bring Japan under the
control of European powers. Except the Dutch
and the Chinese, all foreigners, traders and
merchants from other countries, missionaries
were no longer allowed into Japan. Still even
during the period of seclusion, Japanese
continued to gain information and knowledge
about other parts of the world. This policy of
seclusion lasted for about 200 years. It ended
1868 with Meiji Restoration, when the
emperor took over again and started a lot of
reforms.
-
India - The Mughal Empire:
-
The Mughal Empire existed from 1526 to
1857. When it was biggest it ruled most of
the Indian subcontinent, then known as
Hindustan, and parts of what is now
Afghanistan. It was founded by Babur in
1526 and ruled until 1530. Its most important
ruler was Akbar (1556–1605). After the death
of Aurangjeb (1658–1707), the Mughal
Empire became weak. It continued until
1857. By that time, India came under the
British Raj.
-
The Americas:
-
Settlement by the Spanish started the
European colonization of the Americas, it
meant genocide of the native Indians. The
Spanish gained control of most of the
Caribbean and conquered the Aztecs. So
they founded the Spanish Empire in the
New World. The first successful English
settlements were in North America at
Jamestown (Virginia), 1607 (along with its
satellite, Bermuda in 1609) and Plymouth
(Massachusetts), 1620. The first French
settlements were Port Royal (1604) and
Quebec City (1608). The Fur Trade soon
became the primary business on the
continent and as a result transformed the
Native Americans lifestyle. Plantation slavery
of the West Indies lead to the beginning of the
Atlantic slave trade. Rivalry between the
European powers created a series of wars
on the North American landmass. The
American Revolution led to the creation of
the United States of America. Spain's hold
on its colonies weakened till it had to give
them independence. The United States
expanded quickly to the west. At the same
time, British built more in Canada.
-
Africa:
-
During the 15th century the Portuguese
began exploring Africa. At the Guinea coast
they built their first fort in 1482. They started
the slave trade after the first European
contact with America in 1492 to supply
settlers from there with workers. Soon
English, Spanish, Dutch, French and
Danish merchants also built forts. But their
influence on the inland was minor (except
from decimation of population by slave trade)
till during the 19th century larger colonies
were founded.
-
SONG V - THE 20th CENTURY
ONWARDS ACCORDING TO MANKIND:
-
The 20th century was a very important time
in history. New technology and different ideas
led to many worldwide changes in the time of
just 100 years.
-
World War I:
-
World War I was a war fought from 1914 to
1918. During the time of the war, it was
called "The Great War", or "The War to End
All Wars". Chemical poisons, tanks,
aeroplanes, and bombs were used for the
first time. There were four main causes of the
war: Imperialism, Nationalism, Alliances, &
Militarism. These were causes that made it
likely that a war would start in Europe. The
"spark" that started the war was the
assassination of the heir to the throne in
Austria-Hungary: Archduke Franz Ferdinand
by a group of young Serbians.
Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia
and each country's allies then joined the
war. This created a bigger conflict which
turned into World War I. Europe divided into
two groups of allies: the Central Powers and
the Allied Powers (the "Allies"). The Central
Powers were made up of Germany,
Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and
Bulgaria. The Allies were made up of Britain,
France, Russia, Italy and the United States.
World War I was fought on two fronts; the
Eastern Front and the Western Front. Trench
warfare was commonly used on the Eastern
Front. Because of a British blockade,
Germany began using U-boats, or
submarines, to sink British ships. After the
sinking of two ships with Americans on board,
and the public release of the Zimmermann
Note, The U.S. declared war on Germany,
joining the Allies. On November 11, 1918,
Germany signed the armistice, meaning "the
laying down of arms", to end the war. After the
war ended, the Treaty of Versailles was
written and Germany was made to sign it.
They had to pay $33 million in reparations
(payment for damage). The influenza
pandemic of 1918 spread around the world,
killing millions.
-
After World War I:
-
After the war the German Empire, the
Russian Empire, the Ottoman Empire and
Austrian Empire ended and France and
Britain got weaker. The 1920s and 1930s
had military-related fascist dictators take
control of Italy, Germany, Japan and Spain.
They were helped by the Great Depression
starting in 1929. When Hitler in 1933 had
gained power in Germany he prepared
World War II.
-
World War II:
-
Of all the wars ever fought, World War II
involved the most countries and killed the
most people. More than 60 million people
died, making it the worst disaster of all time.
It lasted six years in Europe, from 1939 to
1945. It was fought between the Axis Powers
(Germany, Italy and Japan) and the Allied
Powers. At first the Axis Powers were
successful, but that ended in Europe with
the Battle of Stalingrad in 1943 and the
invasion in Normandy in 1944. But Hitler
was able to pursue his plan to annihilate
Jews nearly all over Europe. Today, this
plan is called the Holocaust. In the Pacific it
ended with the battles of Midway and
Guadalcanal. Germany surrendered on May
8. The atomic bombs on the cities of
Hiroshima and Nagasaki led Japan to
surrender on August 15, 1945.
-
After World War II:
-
After World War II the United Nations was
founded in the hope that it could solve
arguments among nations and keep wars
from happening. Communism spread to
Central and Eastern Europe, Yugoslavia,
Bulgaria, Romania, Albania, North Vietnam
and North Korea. In 1949, China became
communist. During the 1950s and 1960s,
many third world countries became
communist. This led to the Cold War, a
forty-year argument between the United
States, the Soviet Union, and their allies
(mainly countries that were members of
NATO or the Warsaw Pact). Each country
wanted to promote their type of government.
The Soviet Union wanted to spread
communism, and the United States wanted
to spread democracy. People across the world
feared a nuclear war because of the tension.
Communism became less popular when it
became clear that it could not promote
economic growth as well as Western
states and that it was not suited for a
reform that allowed freedom of speech for
everybody. Therefore, the Soviet Union
forced Hungary to give up its reform in
1956, it favored the building of the Berlin
Wall in 1961 and it stopped reform in
Czechoslovakia in 1968. When in 1988/89
Gorbachev made clear that he would not
force the countries of the East block to stick
to Communism the Berlin Wall was torn
down in 1989 and the Soviet Union
collapsed (1991). Then the United States
was the only superpower left. After Mao
Zedong's death China's communist party
proved that economic reform was possible
without political freedom and paved the way
for enormous economic growth. As the 20th
century ended, the European Union began to
rise and included former satellite states and
even parts of the Soviet Union. States in
Asia, Africa and South America tried to
copy the European Union. The twentieth
century was a time of great progress in
terms of technology. People began to live
longer because of better medicine and
medical technology. New communications
and transportation technologies connected
the world. But these advances also helped
cause problems with the environment. The
last half of the century had smaller wars.
Improved information technology and
globalization increased trade and cultural
exchange. Space exploration expanded
through the solar system. The structure of
DNA was discovered. The same period also
raised questions about the end of human
history because of global dangers: nuclear
weapons, greenhouse effect and other
problems in the environment.
-
The 21st Century:
-
As the 20th century ended, globalization
continued. The September 11 attacks in
2001 in the U.S. led to new wars.
Urbanization also continued in countries
like India and China. Some scientists
referred to this as a "Planetary Phase of
Civilization". This period has been growing
of mobile phones and the internet. which
changed social and natural resources in
the world. The Arab Spring occured in the
Middle East and North Africa leading to the
Occupy movement in the U.S. and reaction
to the world between 2010-2012. A new
Great Recession affected the world, and
the COVID-19 pandemic spread in 2020,
causing further economic and political
disruption. | image tagged in simothefinlandized,world history,essay,compilation | made w/ Imgflip meme maker

Show More

by SimoTheFinlandized in Simo-The-Finlandized

275 views

KIWIX: An Attempt On Making An Advertisement (By Yours Truly - 2022 CE)

KIWIX: An Attempt On Making An Advertisement (By Yours Truly - 2022 CE) | ============================
HAVE YOU HEARD OF
THE "KIWIX" APP?
============================
KIWIX is a Wikimedia-based
foundation and website that
allows you to download Kiwix,
an Android app that'll in turn
allow you to download fully-
extant and offline copies of
Wikipedia, Wikivoyage,
Wiktionary, Wikiversity,
Wikiquote, WikiMed Medical
Encyclopedia, Wikihow, and
WikiNews [as well as a lot of
other things, too - think TED
Talks, interesting Databases,
or offline versions of useful
websites] from their servers -
yes, the files-to-download may
look prohibitively large at first,
but if you have the adequate
storage on your smartphone
and/or computer, you can have
all relevant Human knowledge
stored safely and securely
on your device, offline and in
the palm of your hand and then
some!
============================
GET THE KIWIX APP TODAY!!!
(Found On Both Google Play &
The App Store - Available For A
Wide Variety Of Devices And OS's)
============================
Advertisement Created
By SimoTheFinlandized /
Paul Palazzolo - 2022 CE
============================ | image tagged in simothefinlandized,kiwix,app,advertisement,try it out | made w/ Imgflip meme maker

by SimoTheFinlandized in Simo-The-Finlandized

175 views

MY POLYAMOROUS MATES - Get To Know Them! (By SimoTheFinlandized / Paul Palazzolo - 2022 CE)

MY POLYAMOROUS MATES - Get To Know Them! (By SimoTheFinlandized / Paul Palazzolo - 2022 CE) | image tagged in simothefinlandized,introductions,polyamorous-mates,get to know them | made w/ Imgflip meme maker

Show More

by SimoTheFinlandized in Poly

345 views, 1 upvote, 3 comments

Sabaton's "The Carolean's Prayer" is better sung in Swedish than in Swedish - just my humble opinion...

Sabaton's "The Carolean's Prayer" is better sung in Swedish than in Swedish - just my humble opinion... | Our Father, who art in heaven, hallowed be thy name; thy kingdom come, thy will be done, on earth as it is in heaven; give us this day our daily bread, and forgive us our trespasses. Fader var, som ar i himmelen, helgat varde ditt namn; tillkomme ditt rike, ske din vilja; sa som i himmelen sa ock uppa jorden; ge oss brod ock idag, och forlat oss varan skuld. | image tagged in the carolean's prayer,simothefinlandized,sabaton | made w/ Imgflip meme maker

by SimoTheFinlandized in MEMES_OVERLOAD

2,102 views, 3 comments

Life Hack #001: How To Get Ice-Cold Drinks Quickly

by SimoTheFinlandized in MEMES_OVERLOAD

93 views

Life Hack #002: Pancakes Revolutionized

by SimoTheFinlandized in MEMES_OVERLOAD

80 views