RATIFIED IN 1789. IN 1947, PRESIDENT TRUMAN USED POWERS GRANTED BY IT TO RECOGNIZE ISRAEL AS A SOVERIGN NATION. IN 2018 ILHAN OMAR AND RASHIDA TLAIB WERE ELECTED TO CONGRESS AND PUBLICLY CRITICIZED ISRAEL, BOTH MADE POSSIBLE BY THE CONSTITUTION ESTABLISHED 229-YEARS EARLIER. THE CONSTITUTION ALLOWS, PROBABLY ENCOURAGES, A NUMBER OF OPPOSING PROPOSALS AND ACTS. THESE DO NOT INCLUDE THE PRESIDENT CONSPIRING WITH A FOREIGN HEAD OF STATE TO SUPPRESS THE FREE SPEECH OF AND INERFERE WITH THE DUTIES OF MEMBERS OF CONGRESS.