Yes, Jews in the USSR faced significant persecution from the Soviet government throughout much of the 20th century. This persecution included both state-sponsored discrimination and violence, as well as the suppression of Jewish culture and religious practices.
Here's a more detailed look at the persecution:
State-Sponsored Discrimination and Violence:
Anti-Semitism:
While the Soviet government officially denied anti-Semitism, it was a consistent feature of Soviet policy and society.
Suppression of Jewish Culture:
The Soviet government actively suppressed Jewish culture, including closing synagogues, restricting religious education, and limiting the publication of Jewish literature.
The Great Purge:
During the Great Purge (1936-1938), many Jewish cultural and political leaders were arrested, exiled, or executed.
Post-World War II:
Following World War II, there was a resurgence of anti-Semitic policies and campaigns, including the Doctors' Plot, which falsely accused Jewish doctors of plotting to harm Soviet leaders.
Refuseniks:
In the later years of the Soviet Union, many Jews who wanted to emigrate were labeled "refuseniks" and faced various forms of discrimination and harassment.
Other Forms of Persecution:
Religious Discrimination:
Religious Jews were targeted with anti-religious propaganda and legislation that restricted their religious practices.
Pogroms:
While less frequent than in Tsarist Russia, pogroms (violent attacks on Jewish communities) still occurred in the Soviet era.
Lack of Opportunities:
Jews faced limitations in education, employment, and access to certain professions.
Restrictions on Emigration:
The Soviet government made it extremely difficult for Jews to emigrate, even though many sought to leave the country due to the persecution.
In Summary:
The persecution of Jews in the USSR was a complex and multifaceted issue. It involved state-sponsored discrimination, violence, suppression of culture and religion, and restrictions on emigration. While the Soviet Union officially denied anti-Semitism, the reality was that Jews faced significant persecution and hardship throughout much of its history.