PRIOR TO HIS CRUCIFIXION, JESUS WAS WHIPPED WITH A FLAGRUM; A WHIP WITH LEATHER THONGS ATTACHED, EACH TIPPED WITH METAL OR BONE; SINCE IT WAS A ROMAN LASHING, HE WAS WHIPPED IN EXCESS OF 40 TIMES. IT REMOVED FLESH AND LACERATED MUSCLE. ON HIS BACK AND HIS FRONT