Unix is the oldest OS usable for personal computers, so computers you can use in a small office and even at home. It is based on Multics, in which Ritchie and Thompson (the guys behind Unix) also did a lot. I'm sure you've heard of Linux. Linux was made by Linus Torvalds because he hated the DOS based systems and wanted a Unix based system in stead, and Linux is not Unix, but if you can use Unix, you can use Linux and vice versa. The Darwin system, which is the underlying OS for MacOS (which mac uses) and iOS (what you find on iPhones and iPads) also uses Darwin, and you guessed it, Darwin is also heavily based on Unix.
What is correct is that computers only understand 0 and 1, in short binary. The difference between Python and C on this department is that C is as system language and therefore directly converted into machine language (the .exe files in Windows), Python is a scripting language, and always need a Python interpreter to run. If you make a .exe file of a Python script, you basically have the script plus the interpreter merged into one file. JavaScript, mostly used for browser scripts, is in the same boat. JavaScript is far beyond logic and slow though, and wasm is a good replacement. I don't recommend to work directly in wasm, though. There are C and C++ compilers out there which can convert to WASM, and other languages, such as Pascal now also have a wasm compiler.
Funny you mention WWII. The first computer was invented in WWII in order to decipher German messages, which were always sent encrypted. That thing was as big as a sports hall, and could do really little. When the microchip was invented, things went fast. Multics, the system that seriously started it all dates back to 1965. The first works on Unix began in 1969. C came in 1972, and Unix, originally written in assembler was then rewritten in C to make it portable. C++ came in 1982.
C:
#include <stdio.h>
int main(void) {
printf("Good luck!\n");
}
C++:
#include <iostream>
int main() {
std::cout << "Good luck!\n";
}
Python 3/Lua:
print("Good Luck!")
Pascal:
Program GoodLuck;
Begin
WriteLn('Good luck!')
end.
JavaScript:
Console.Log("Good luck!")
When it comes to Python vs. C... C is used for programs that really must interact quickly with the underlying hardware, and for big applications, where Python is mainly developed for programs you can set up quickly, but don't have to be fast. Python's primary function is prototyping, although it has grown over time to be used for more.