IT INFERS A PARTICULAR CAUSAL RELATION IN AN UNWARRANTED FASHION; IT PRESUMES, WITHOUT PROVIDING JUSTIFICATION, THE TRUTH OF THAT WHICH IT SEEKS TO ESTABLISH; IT FAILS TO ADEQUATELY ADDRESS THE POSSIBILITY THAT ONE PHENOMENON MAY CAUSALLY CONTRIBUTE TO THE OCCURRENCE OF ANOTHER; IT CONFUSES INADEQUATE EVIDENCE TO ESTABLISH THE TRUTH OF A CLAIM WITH EVIDENCE FOR FALSITY