They are called the Jungian cognitive functions and are often related to the MBTI-type theory. Here are what they mean:
Ne (Extroverted Intuition): "Think analogically, easily noticing and shifting patterns and relationships across contexts. Stimuli are springboards to generate ideas. Brain activity is often all over with many mental highs and lows at once. May find it hard to stay on-task. Adept at role-playing and mirroring others." (In MBTI, this is the dominant function of ENFPs and ENTPs)
Ni (Introverted Intuition): "Can enter a brief trance to answer problems. Focus on what will happen next. Use the entire brain to consider the future. Manage mental processes and aware of where they are in an open-ended task. Use physical action to focus the mind. May over-rely on the unconscious." (In MBTI, this is the dominant function of INFJs and INTJs)
Se (Extroverted Sensing): "Excited by motion., action, and nature. Adept at physical multitasking. Videogame-like mind primed to take quick actions. Often in a body-aware state. Like variety. Good memory for relevant details. Use the whole brain to handle a crisis scenario. May be impatient to finish early." (In MBTI, this is the dominant function of ESFPs and ESTPs)
Si (Introverted Sensing): "Improve when seeing a role model or example. Brain activity is often linked to memories. Can really specialize with practice. Track where they are in a task. Use the whole brain to review the past. Strong memory for kinship and minor details. May over-rely on authority for guidance." (In MBTI, this is the dominant function of ISFJs and ISTJs)
Fe (Extroverted Feeling): "Attend to how others judge them. Like to use adjectives to convey values. The true degree of their emotional response about morals or ethics of a situation often held back and given only in words or ideas. Often poor visual/logical unless about people. May be easily embarrassed." (In MBTI, this is the dominant function of ENFJs and ESFJs)
Fi (Introverted Feeling): "Evaluate personal importance along a spectrum from love/like to disklike/hate. Use the whole brain to listen to others. Attentive and curious to what is not said. Focus on voice tone. Resist social pressure and often don't use feedback. May have a strong response to specific words." (In MBTI, this is the dominant function of INFPs and ISFPs)
Te (Extroverted Thinking): "Highly efficient use of brain resources. Focus on hearing words, seeing images, weighing evidence, and then deciding.