Black is actually a non-color. Color is derived from the color spectrum of white (the primary) by creating a fractal or prism. Which has to do with the color temperature (as energy) the greater energy the greater the temperature (as you see in red/blue or yellow flames or stars), and thus the brighter the color.
But black is an absence of energy (darkness) and thus not originating from a color.
Gray (not grey) is white with darker shading (not part of the energy, but though the usage of lenses).
It's not possible to just mix different colors together and expect this to "work", as our perception doesn't like certain contrasts or color combinations as this makes it harder to focus (can even cause migraines to some). https://www.gentlemansgazette.com/how-to-use-the-color-wheel-to-assemble-superior-outfits/
Which is why most combinations look very similar (like that blue shirt).
Using base colors like white, black (yes I know :) ) and gray actually create as canvas to add color to that will stand-out better when layered.
Historically for clothing, white was associated with wealth because you didn't have to work (and your cloths didn't get dirty easily), black the most formal (same reason, and difficult to produce) and gray was introduced more later on.
Also white is easy to wash, and works with almost all skin tones.
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