"The usual shocking-grid consists of a series of bars wired alternately to positive and negative poles of the current source. The animal may avoid shock by standing on like poles, or by shorting the grid with faeces. Constant attention is necessary to prevent this, and the experiment must be disturbed from time to time. The apparatus here described was designed to provide an escape-from-shock motive in connection with a lever-pressing response in rats, to permit the use of automatic controlling and recording devices which require little supervision."; (Skinner and Campbell, 1946, p. 305)
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